Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101

INTL 1101 utmost Exam Study Guide Ameri sufferization Consumerism, individualism the Statesn products and values pagan imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization Fast- pabulum principles dominant in American and early(a) societies Uniform standards insufficiency of human creativity Dehumanization of social transaction Infantilization Benjamin Barber consumed Against ethos of infantilization that sustains spherical capitalism Turning of adults into children through dumbed come out advertising and consumer goods Targeting children as consumers Homogeneous orbicu ripe products for young and wealthy, and for children = soul little and wrong orbicular consumerism in pursuit of pro fulfill Cultural homogenization much alike theory of effects of globalization Western shade diligence Homogenization of popular culture screwing be within horse opera societies (McDonaldization) Market for loyalties Regulation of communications to organize cartels of imagery Domestic program regulation primary(a)(prenominal)tains distri exclusivelyion of power National individualism reframed to political views and heathenish attitudes that of importtain existing power structure Facilitates predominance of one political orientation Cultural imperialism piece utilises of cultural flow, mirror the system of domination in world frugal and political order Not confined to the due west see Mexico, Brazil (Latin America), India (East Asia), Hong Kong, Taiwan (mainland China) Sustainable development recollective economical product depends on c arful stewardship of the raw(a) environs environmentalists Liberalization= incommensu treasure economic growth, re ascendants for debt, competition (race to the bottom), increased pollution, unsustainable consumption of resources, political unrest chuck up the sponge Trade Trade promotes growth and on the wholeeviates poerty= environmental benefits Elimination of clientele barriers= increased value of resources environmental progress is easier to achieve below conditions of prosperity Deterritiorlization of religion Primarily ca intentd by migration The case of Islam Moslem Ummah Re-islamisation as deculturalisation of Islam (not conjugate to a particular pristine culture, global Islam) Quest for definition Islam to fit every culture By bridging the gap amongst secularism and religiosity, Fundamentalism overstretches religion to the transmit that it cannot become embedded in real cultureFree hand and the environment scientific Change and Disease Transportation Short term travel 940 trillion tourists Meningitis 70,000 pilgrims to Mecca every twelvemonth, secondary pandemics upon return Expensive diseases in developing countries and eradicated diseases in developed countries Medical technologies Greater collaboration, to a greater extent information BUT, bare-assed technologies can be badly holdd Ebola in DRC, AIDS epidemics in China fro m unsterilized acquireles Demographic Change and Disease Population mobility Conditions that lead pile to move are the same that favor the branch of infections (poverty, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, articulate failure) Refugees sanitation, food, wellnesscare 50,000 dead in a month (Rwanda, 1994) Haiti cholera from Nepal? (4,800 mortalities) Long-term migration Disease to non-immune populations, and transfer of new disease back home Eradicated diseases re-introduced migratory workers in Africa (AIDS epidemics) Urbanization Megacities=megaspread spheric economy and disease Global trade IMF/structural adjustments and liberalization reduces the role of governments (mostly in providing healthcare) Trade in food Change in dietary habits, convergence of tastes Demand for grade-round availableness of fresh fruit and vegetables Products from less expensive labor markets, worldwide ingredients and beguile nutrition may be contaminated Unhygienic irrigation, p ack develop practices, storage, non-indigenous crops to a greater extent susceptible to indigenous pathogens E-coli in Germ either 2,800 affected, 26 dead (91 in EU) worried Cow Disease Environmental swop and disease Climate change-global calefacient Higher ambient air temperature, precipitation/humidity (mosquitoes) Water supply-dams etc laboured ecological changes that affects disease vectors-most dams associated with increase in malaria deforestation Increases contact between humans and pathogens Decreases natural predators of disease vectors Increases in malaria (runoff water dead(a) in pools) Loss of biodiversity Jihad and McWorld Dialectical nature one cannot exist without the another(prenominal)(a) Babel retribalization Global jihad against globalization Disneyland Globalizations Jihad and McWorld exercise war on the sovereign nation state Indifference to civil liberty McWorld, centralize on consumption and invisible hand for general good (rather than representative institutions), repeal government regulations Jihad, bloody politics of identity, exclusion and hatred, paternalism and tribalism Neither global markets nor blood communities service public goods or pursue equality and legal expert Future? In the short run Jihad likely to omit? In the long run McWorld dominates? carrefour of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western individualism? Or greater contrast and even conflict? Ethnicity High ethnic solidarity testamenting to redistri thate resources within the group No master list what differentiates groups in one put may not be implicationant in another compositors case in Serbia, public style and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) Ethnicity as a social constructionnot inherently political Ethnic identity Any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of passel culturally different from others Language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others Ascriptionan identity assigned at extradite Largely fixed during our lives Clash of civilizations Samuel Huntington The Clash of Civilizations The next world war, if at that stern is one, will be a war between civilizations De-Westernization and indigenization of societies Hinduization of India and Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Tur severalize) The Confucian-Islamic confederation Kin-country syndrome (Bosnia, Iraq) Civilizations do not control states states control civilizations Interpreted the same events as Fukuyama, but make very different conclusions Outlined 7 main cultures (and a possible 8th) equates culture with religion population who share ethnicity and wording but differ in religion may slaughter from separately one other, as happened in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, and the Subcontinent. 1. Western 2. Confucian 3. Japanese 4. Islamic 5. Hindu 6. Slavic-Orthodox 7. Latin American 8. Po ssibly African Why will they clash? Differences are both real and basic (fundamental) World smaller due to globalization Nation-state as source of identity grows weaker fundamentalist religion grows stronger Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness Cultural differences less easily compromised than political and economic ones (can you be both Catholic and Muslim? ) Economic regionalism is outgrowth Result unable to mobilize support for governments found on ideology, turn to religion and civilization identity Environmentalism and the developing randomness Collectivity Irreducibility Characteristics of environmental issues Complexity Interpenetration, pollution d suffer the road. Temporal and spatial misgiving What will happen in the future, how much is it going to affect us. Irreducibility holistic in nature, we cannot approach only one part, we set about to consider them as a whole. Spontaneity Things tend to happen fast especially in environmenta l disasters. Collectivity Collective action businesss, common pool resources, shirking/free-riding Chinese triad food bail All people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, self-nutritious food to image their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. (UNs Food and Agriculture Organization) Peak oil, peak water, peak phosphorus, peak grain, and peak tip Green r growth Problems in beginning of 20th c not producing enough food to feed expanding population Green Revolution 1950-1984 study of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains Expansion of irrigation infrastructure Hybridized sets & Synthetic fertilizers & Pesticides to farmers in developing countries alter agriculture around the globe World agricultural takings much than doubled (world grain production increased by 250%) Increased dodo fuel-based energy office Natural gas (for production of synthetic fertilizers) fossil oil (for development of pesticides) Hydrocarbon fuelled irrigation Unsustainable? (Malthusian argument) May not necessarily increase food security (other political causes) Promotion of monocultures, hunger vs malnutrition Benefited wealthier farmers at the expense of poorer ones = urban migration great use and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers associated with negative health effects (cancer) Land degradation, stigma nutrients depletion Earths carrying might No one k instantaneouslys The Future of Food Film watched in class, google if cant remember GMOs Montreal protocol The 1987 Montreal protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used chlorofluorocarbons by 50 percent. Delegates obtain to give developing countries a ten- course of study grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs earlier taking on commitments Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached near 3 cardinal hemorrhoid in 2010 and 8 zillion wads in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs)weaponry Trade Treaty 2003, Control mail Campaign was launched (Control arm. org) 2006, Control Arms handed over a global petition called Million Faces to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan 2006 2006, 153 states vote resolution 61/89 requesting the UN Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States (U. S. votes against, home(a) controls better) 2009, UN General Assembly launches a time frame for the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty. U. S. osition overturned 2-27 July, 2012 (New York) before long under final negotiations Require states to have national mechanisms for express bureau of multinational transfers of arms Prohibit transfers of arms that could violate human rights and world(prenominal) law Treaty Failure j oin States said it needed much time to review the short, 11-page treaty text (Obama administration torpedoed the treaty just now one week after the massacre in Aurora, Colorado) Not to exportation weapons to countries that are under an arms embargo, or to export weapons that would facilitate the delegating of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or other violations of international humanitarian law. Exports of arms are banned if they will facilitate gender-based violence or violence against children or be used for transnational organized crime. The sides, now Nearly long hundred countries, led by Mexico, issued a joint statement on Monday maxim the overwhelming majority of (U. N. ) Member States agree with us on the extremity and the urgency of adopting a strong Arms Trade Treaty.Our voice essential be heard. The five permanent Security Council members the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia issued their protest joint statement of support for a t reaty that sets the highest possible common standards by which states will regulate the international transfer of conventional arms. all important(p) Points Ammunition. Exports of ammunition are covered in the draft treaty but not imports. Self-defense. Some major arms-importing states (Middle East), expressed concern that their ability to import weapons could suffer if the treaty comes into force. Exemptions. There are a number of scenarios under which arms deals would be exempt in the current draft, such as defense cooperation agreements (India) and gifts, loans and leases of weapons. Reporting. Current draft says countries will send reports to the U. N. on their international arms trade but does not call for them to be made public. China, Iran and others do not want that information disseminated openly. The NRA says the treaty would undermine torpedo ownership rights under the Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. MalnourishmentObstacles to cooperation on envir onmental issues (regime, actor, general) National identity element National identity is inherently political Defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations Often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity backbone enhancers Common history, territory, culture, economy, rights Why form? Ethnic group may sprightliness oppressed Ethnic group may form a minority population These conditions may call for self-government Boat people Ozone jump for joy The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments New scientific evidence late 1987 scientists announced that CFCs probably were responsible for the ozone hole 1988, satellite data revealed that stratospheric ozone higher up the heavily populated Northern Hemisphere had begun to thin Changes in the pattern of economic interests Du Pont announced that they would soon be able to produce CFC substitutes Followed the next year by other large chemical manufacturers, including several(prenominal) in Europe Major producers no longer opposed a CFC phase-out Lobbied for extended transition periods and against controls on potential substitutes Particularly hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)a class of CFC substitutes that deplete ozone but at a importantly reduced rate. The ozone regime stands as the strongest and most effective global environmental regime. The worldwide consumption of CFCs, which was closely 1. million tons in 1986, was well-nigh 100,000 tons in 2010. Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 HCFCs, and HFCs , are now thought to tot to anthropogenic global warm Up to 10,000 times more than potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) Restaveks (or stay-withs) 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti oblige Unpaid Overcropping Deplete soil by continuously growing crops on it Overpopulation Carrying capacity Estimates vary widely Inadequate fresh water Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels Increased takes of air pollution, water pollution, soil contaminant Deforestation and loss of ecosystems Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification fix species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to lash-and-burn techniques (140,000 species lost per year High infant and child mortality. Intensive industrial farming evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. Unhygienic living conditions Increased levels of warfare Elevated crime rate Less Personal Freedom / More Restrictive Laws. Demographic passing If standard of living and life expectancy increase, family sizes and birth rates lessen Later ages of marriage, careers outside child rearing and domestic work, decreased need of children in industrialized settings Led to increased worry about aging populations and decreased worry about future impact of population growth BUT, after a certain level of development the fertility increases again Fertility-opportunity hypothesis Food vs. fuel Precision farming Soil wear dropped, no-till seed planting Drip irrigation, level fields (eliminate runoff) Global location efficient harvest, less chemicals Citizenship Citizenship individuals or groups relationship to th e state Swear allegiance to the state State provides benefits muckle have obligations in return Ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not Can be changed by individual or state Potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity Three (ethnicity, citizenship, national identity) are often connectedan ethnic group forms the nation, and they represent the citizens of a country Nationalism Nationalism as a pride in ones people and belief in sovereign hatful Seek to create or preserve ones own nation (political group) through an independent state Sovereignty is thus key Example Great Britain Governments determine nationality 1707 The United Kingdom came into existence so far there was no British nation since the people of the English isles were thought of themselves as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. Propagation of the dominant English culture and language through the years created a sense of English identity. During the 19th degree centigrade non- English cultures were suffocated. Global fundamentalism Return to usageal religious values as a reaction to modernity and global culture Restoration of sacred tradition as basis for society Cultural authenticity vs universalizing global culture Global phenomenon Modern phenomenon Fundamentalism vs globalization or fundamentalism as part of globalization? AIDS Peaked in 2005 with 3. 4 million deaths 35 million infected 14,500 new infections daily Approximately 8000 deaths daily (3million/year) 90% new infections in Global South Global responses Millennium Development culture 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Government-subsidized antiretroviral medications (Brazil, Argentina etc) Samaritans scrunch The importance of Global Health Partnerships Improving access to medicines Financing health activities BUT, primarily vertical (focus on specific diseases, and development/distribution of medicines) retro does not focus on improving health care systems a nd primary care Multiplicity of donors and actors not aligned with government priorities International unionized Crime Effort to exploit mechanisms of globalization Transportation and communications engineering Aided by deregulation Possible through corruption of authorities, unethical practices of individuals and corporations Extremely large profits (and high risk) Global cities are main areas of activity (New York, London, Tokyo, etc. ) Using financial services to disguise sad activities Defy the state, offer parallel black market structure Deforestation Increases contact between humans and pathogens Decreases natural predators of diseases vectors Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) (mosquitos) Loss of biodiversity Arms Trafficking Lack of international treaty ordinance legal arms trade Illegal arms trade Arms fuel conflict and crime $60 billion a year industry Lack of transparent data UN attempt to crush adulterous trade of small arms Cold W ar Preoccupation with thermonuclear arms control Small arms were not as widely disseminated End of Cold War Small arms surplus capital of Poland Pact/NATO upgrades Difficulty in negotiations? U. S. position Nuclear weapons easier to negotiate gentleman trafficking Labor trafficking Sex trafficking Victims are primarily women and children Organ trafficking Trafficking of babies and pregnant women child farm in Nigeria sold for illegal adoption or for use in ritual witchcraft Child Soldiers Slavery A hard worker is a human being forced to work through dodge or threat of violence for no pay beyond subsistence. (Benjamin Skinner) Do you want a job? Modern slavery More slaves now than ever before in history, 27 million Each year 50,000 children and teenagers enter the US against their will for purposes of sexual slavery (CIA est. ) Over 2 million trafficked slaves forced into prostitution and labor around the world 10 million slaves in South Asia (many through more than one generations) until they pay off their debt 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Small arms Over half a million people are killed each year with small arms across the world In the United States 34,000 people are killed per year by small arms The be of small arms on public health, in Latin America at 14% of gross domestic product, 10% of GDP in Brazil, and 25% of GDP in Colombia. Registered homicide rates for Colombia, the United States, Brazil, and Venezuela among males aged 1524 have doubled in the last ten yearsMonocultures The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of sequential years. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its instruction execution has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. Monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen Sustainable agriculture http//en. wikipedia. org/w iki/Sustainable_agriculture Environmental change and conflict http//www. accord. org. za/downloads/ct/ct_2011_2. pdf Environmental security Environmental change is an important source of social conflict Many societies face more dangers from environmental change than from traditional military threats Security policies must be redefined to take account of these new realities Only by framing the environmental problem in security terms can the necessary level of governmental attention and social mobilization be ensured Security institutions could contribute directly to environmental shield, given their financial resources, monitoring and intelligence-gathering capabilities, and scientific and technological expertise Is there enough evidence to support the claim that ecological change is, or will be, a major new source of conflict? Proponents Environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the developing world. These conflicts are probabl y the early signs of an heap of violence in the coming decades that will be induced or aggravated by scarcity Opponents Environmental problems are a mark of conflict-prone social systems rather than a root cause of conflict ar the advantages of linking environmental problems to security concerns worth the risk of militarizing a societys responses to environmental problems? Risks undercutting the globalist and common fate understanding that may be necessary to solve the problem If pollution a national security problem, then pollution by other countries worse than home born It is analytically misleading to imagine of environmental degradation as a national security threat. Environmental degradation and violence are very different types of threats Organizations that provide protection from violence differ greatly from those in environmental protection military organizations are secretive, extremely hierarchical and centralized, and normally deploy vastly expensive, passin g specialized and advanced technologies Is environmental security an idea with more attract in the North than the South? An excuse to continue the Norths longstanding practice of military and economic intervention Focus on the South is a way for the North to deny its own responsibility Calls to link the environment with security raise deep suspicions about ulterior motives Concern, contractual environment, capacity da fuk? Fertility opportunity hypothesis Fertility follows perceived economic opportunity Against food aid, and development Transnational organized crime groups mesh above and below the state Create demand Reach to the marginalized, barren and other losers of globalization Use market strategies Hierarchically structured strategical alliances investing/laundering capital New growth areas (ex. umping toxic counteract in developing countries and then negotiating lucrative contracts for the cleanup industry) R&D Modern accounting systems, information tech nologies, insuring against risk Global health partnerships Global food crisis Enough food in the world to feed everyone but 925 million people experience hunger 2/3 of these people are in Asia and the Pacific region Highest concentrations in India, China, DRC, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia 5 million children under 5 die of hunger in developing countries humanity may help immediate problem but is no long-run sustainable solution Causes for food crisis 1 Natural disasters Floods, tropical storms, and, especially, long droughts More common and more intense (global warming) Wars Population displacement shortfall used as a weapon Fields and water come up mined or contaminated Poverty trap Lack of seed money, land and agricultural education Trapped in poverty by hunger Causes for food crisis 2 Lack of agricultural infrastructure Lack of roads, irrigation systems, warehouses Emphasis on urban development Overexploitation of the environment hapless farm ing practices Deforestation Overcropping Overgrazing Economic downturns FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) indemnity and technical assistance to developing countries for food security, nutrition and agriculture assemblage for negotiation of agreements and debate on policies Fukuyama (the end of history) Francis Fukuyama, The End of History The triumph of the Westan unabashed victory of economic & political liberalism& the total enervation of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism. Liberal democracy will make the world safer Democracies do not go to war against each other Globalization interdependence Great faith in International Organizations capital letter Consensus Critics Environmentalists Marxists Anarco-capitalism Etc.